Frog facts

●    Frogs use their skin to breathe and drink water and, in some species, to house their hatching eggs.
●    Frogs have all sorts of amusing mating rituals. These include singing, fighting, and some even involve playing dead.
●    Some frogs can jump more than 50 times their body length.
●    Frogs can use their webbed feet to parachute across the air, wade through strong currents, or dig into the ground.
●    Most frogs snack on invertebrates, but some frogs even eat mammals, including small rodents.
●    Some frogs have tongues so strong, they can lift three times their own body weight with them.
●    More than 180 species of frogs are poisonous, and a few are venomous as well — meaning they can inject their toxins.

Scientists have discovered more than 7,600 species of frogs worldwide, and they continue to find new ones every year.¹

Most frogs present a rather stubby, neckless shape, with bulgy round eyes and powerful hind legs. But regardless of their body shape, some have evolved to be as tiny as a fingernail and others as big as a basketball.

The P. amauensis frog from Papua New Guinea grows to about the size of a fly at 7.7mm, and the Mini frogs – a group including the species Mini mum, Mini scule, and Mini ature — range from 8 to 14.9mm.² Meanwhile, the goliath frog of West Africa can grow up to a gigantic 32cm long and weigh up to 3.25kg, a weight akin to that of a newborn baby.³

Frogs come in a wide variety of colours, and some even change colour throughout the day.⁴ But their shades can be split into two groups: subtle and earthy colours, which are good for camouflage, or gaudy and vibrant ones, which help to encourage predators to stay far away.

Most common frogs are painted in greens and browns, which is useful for hiding among grass, leaves, and tree trunks. The Vietnamese mossy frog is covered in bumps and spots, making its back resemble a lump of lichen; the pebble toad is grey and black to blend in with its sandstone habitat; and the long-nosed horned frog has horns which help it to look like a crispy leaf.⁵ The glass frog even manages to become transparent in its tummy and chest area, rendering itself practically invisible to predators against a leafy backdrop.⁶

Poisonous frogs have evolved using the opposite method.⁷ They are as flashy and colourful as possible to warn predators that they’re not a scrumptious snack, but a toxic treat. The phantasmal poison frog is striped red and white, the Amazon milk frog is speckled dark grey and light blue with golden eyes, and the blue-jeans frog is clad in a red chest and denim-coloured legs.⁸

Some frogs are even fluorescent and glow in the dark. Under ultraviolet light, the South American polka dot tree frog glows neon green, as do some of the pumpkin toadlets of Brazil. Researchers think that this might help them communicate with each other.⁹

The word ‘toad’ is just another name for a type of frog, specifically frogs that are chubbier, have wartier and drier skin, and possess stumpier hind legs, as opposed to long, powerful ones designed for leaping.

Although they need moisture to survive, frogs have developed some clever adaptations to thrive in a variety of habitats – from ponds and misty jungles to arid deserts and frozen tundras. That’s why they're found on every continent except Antarctica, with the vast majority residing in tropical rainforests.¹⁰

The red-eyed tree frog from South America spends most of its life living in tall trees in the forest.¹¹ The Indian purple frog, which looks like an aubergine-coloured slimy blob with tiny eyes, spends most of its life underground, only surfacing during the monsoon season.¹² The desert rain frog lives in Australia and burrows in the sand for months while waiting for rain and sheltering in a cocoon of its dead skin.¹³ Some wood frogs live in Alaska and endure the harsh Arctic winter by freezing up to 65% of their bodies, entering a form of hibernation for months.¹⁴

Frogs engage in all sorts of riveting rituals to attract the right mate: the males of many species serenade their future lovers in the hope of coming across as the strongest and healthiest suitor, while others physically fight each other to establish dominance. For most frogs, this usually only happens during specific mating seasons.¹⁵

Once a couple find each other, most female frogs lay eggs outside of their body, and males hold onto them from the back and fertilise them in a sex act scientists call ‘amplexus’. The amplexus can last anywhere from a couple of minutes to a couple of weeks, depending on the species.¹⁶

Although this is a really important phase of the frog’s life, scientists have noticed that many male frogs have evolved to prioritise being quick over being selective when seeking out a mate.¹⁷ That’s why frogs are often found trying to mate with erroneous targets, including the wrong frog species, dead females, amphibians, fruits, inanimate objects like shoes and tennis balls, and even animal poop. Some female frogs even play dead to avoid mating.¹⁸

Frogs are known to have ‘two lives’ because they experience metamorphosis and change drastically from eggs to tadpoles, to adult frogs.¹⁹

Most frogs lay gelatinous, clear eggs in pools of water. After one to three weeks, the eggs hatch into small, wriggling tadpoles which look more like fish than frogs: they have small rounded bodies and a tail they use to swim. And like fish, they need water to survive. The tadpoles spend anywhere from weeks to months growing bigger and stronger: they develop a backbone and a skeleton; their tail gets engulfed into their body; they sprout two arms and legs instead; and their jaws grow wider and sturdier.²⁰

There are many other ways the frog lifecycle can start, though. The Surinam toad of South America lays about 100 eggs and englobes them in the skin on its back, where it incubates the eggs for up to 20 weeks until they’re fully formed toadlets.²¹ Male Darwin’s frogs swallow their eggs and host the tadpoles in their vocal sacs until they’re ready to pop out as frogs.²²

Brazilian milk frog males care for a batch of their fertilised eggs in a hole, and then entice another female into laying eggs there as food for their offspring.²³ The Kihansi spray toad, which is extinct in the wild, is the only frog known to science to give birth to fully formed live frogs.²⁴

Most frogs possess long, strong, spring-like hind legs for jumping far and high. Many can leap as far as 20 times their body length, and some even more: the striped rocket frog can leap 55 times its body length, managing to travel more than 2m in a single jump, landing with remarkable poise. ²⁵

Frogs that haven’t evolved to jump very far – like ones with short and slim back legs – can be well suited for running, like the red-legged running frog, which can jog out of danger.²⁶ Some species of flying frogs, like the one featured in the video below, can use their webbed feet like tiny parachutes, and take leaps so long they look like they’re paragliding from canopy to canopy.²⁷

Not all frogs are agile, though. Centimetre-long pumpkin toadlets are so clumsy that when they try to leap, they often tumble and cartwheel with no precision, landing belly up.²⁸

When changing from swimming tadpoles to jumping adults, frogs lose their tails and grow arms and legs. Besides their use for graceful gliding through the air, the webbed feet retained by many species also help them swim better in strong currents.²⁹ The African dwarf frog, which lives entirely submerged for most of its life, has feet so webbed that it looks like a duck.³⁰

Some frogs that burrow underground also have webbed feet, sometimes with extra keratin flaps, because it helps them plough their shelters in the soil and sand.³¹ That’s how the chubby spadefoot toads get their names: their feet are like digging spades.

Tree-dwelling frogs tend to have more slender digits. But they’re armed with sticky, lubricating goo between the cells on their palms so that they can grip surfaces tightly and walk up uneven, vertical trees. The Mexican dumpy frogs, for instance, are excellent climbers.³²

Almost all frogs are carnivorous and eat other animals. Tadpoles tend to eat smaller and softer foods, like algae and plants, worms and larvae, plus small shrimp and insects.³³ When they grow up, most frogs like to continue snacking on invertebrates like larger insects, flies, moths, spiders, slugs, and worms. Some bigger frogs, though, like bullfrogs and cane toads, are so hefty that they can even eat mice, fish, scorpions, birds, snakes, and other amphibians.³⁴

A number of frogs, including some Brazilian tree frogs, like to snack on fruits, and scientists think they may provide a helpful ecosystem service to plants by dispersing their seeds and pollen after they’ve finished their meal.³⁵

Frogs also eat their own skin. Since they shed an outer layer of skin on a weekly basis, frogs don’t let any of the nutritious protein go to waste.³⁶

Most frogs have protruding eyes on the top of their head, so even though they don’t have necks, they can see almost everything around them. They also have excellent night vision – superior to any other animal – so they can pounce on their prey in the dark.³⁷

But the real secret weapon for getting a tasty mouthful is their unique, extendable tongue. Unlike most animals, a frog’s tongue actually starts at the tip of their mouth and can elastically fold out to a third of their body length and reach out to snatch prey.³⁸ Their tongues are incredibly soft and covered in sticky saliva that ensures a tight grip on the meal, and are extra fast –  retrieving the snack back into the mouth five times faster than the blink of a human eye.³⁹ Some frogs have such strong and sticky tongues that they can lift three times their own body weight.⁴⁰

Once they’ve caught their treat, frogs use their bulging eyes to swallow and push the food out of their mouths and into their tummies. They cannot chew.

More than 180 species of frogs are poisonous, meaning their slimy skin – which they use to breathe and drink – also secretes toxins that can be deadly to other animals if touched, or ingested. Poison dart frogs contain enough toxins so toxic they could kill several grown men.⁴¹ That’s why some indigenous Amazon tribes used to taint their arrowheads with their poison, giving them their nickname.⁴²

Some frogs can be venomous too, meaning they can inject toxins into their prey with needle-like body parts. Bruno's casque-headed frogs and Greening's frogs have bony spines sticking out of their heads like reverse fangs, and can ram their heads into predators to intoxicate them.⁴³

While there are many varieties of frogs roaming this planet, and not all of them are endangered, the overall global number of healthy frog species has been rapidly declining.⁴⁴ Some scientists have estimated that, since the 1980s, over 200 frog species have totally disappeared, and almost another seven percent of all frog species may face extinction in the next 100 years.⁴⁵

The main threat to frog populations is habitat destruction, as their lush rainforests and jungles have been cut down for deforestation, or traversed by highways. Climate change is also a factor, as warmer temperatures dry up habitats – and most frogs need moisture and water to survive. Some frogs have been killed off by human hunting, as they’re sought after for their meat and medicinal value.⁴⁶

Many frogs seem to have fallen victim to a lethal skin fungus called amphibian chytrid fungus, especially in moist, temperate areas of the world.⁴⁷ Scientists think this is the biggest documented loss of nature from one single disease.⁴⁸ The fungus releases spores into pond waters and latches onto the frog’s skin, quietly eating away at it, and making it hard for them to breathe until they die.

Frogs have been around for more than 200 million years, surviving through the dinosaur era, and they are invaluable players in their ecosystems to this day.⁴⁹

Since frogs are highly sensitive to pollution and environmental changes, they serve as indicators of their home’s health: when they thrive in habitats it usually means these habitats are healthy too. They eat billions and billions of insects each year, keeping their populations in check, and inadvertently safeguarding our crops from agricultural pests. They also play a crucial part in their complex food chains, providing sustenance and nutrition for birds, snakes and more.

If the number of frogs on this planet were to plummet drastically, many more animals would be in trouble too. But unfortunately, more than 200 frog species have already been wiped off the face of the earth since the ‘70s, and hundreds more are already disappearing.⁵⁰

To stop the decline of frog populations worldwide, it’s important to limit unsustainable agriculture and deforestation and help restore their environments, ponds, wetlands and forests.

Since chytrid fungus is another of the biggest threats to frogs, scientists have been coming up with all sorts of creative solutions to fight the disease.⁵¹ Some research suggests that boosting frogs’ natural skin bacteria could help fend off the disease, while other studies have looked for a defence in the frogs’ genetic code.⁵² Some laboratories have even tried to vaccinate frog populations against the fungus.⁵³

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